[ePub] Paul Gauguin et le style primitif: Un peintre en quecirc;te d'exotisme (Artistes t. 18) (French Edition) by Julie Lorang; 50 minutes at Arts-Photography

Review

10 of 10 people found the following review helpful. An excellent biography of Mozarts formative yearsBy Michael BirmanStanley Sadie intended to write a general biography of Mozarts life; following the completion of his labors on the titanic New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians; which he shepherded into existence. Sadie; himself; wrote the splendid Mozart entry; which was published separately. He completed the manuscript of the first volume of his two volume Mozart biography; covering Mozarts formative years in Salzburg and his extensive youthful travel throughout the music centers of Europe; just before passing away. Sadly; we will never see the completed work. Nevertheless; we are fortunate that we have the first extensive new biography of the early; Salzburg Mozart in more than half a century.The first thing that strikes the modern reader concerning Mozarts Salzburg years is how much of his early music remains only partially known. Many of his youthful operas remain a cypher to the average listener. His extensive number of early sonatas for piano or violin and piano are also still relatively unheard. Most of his adolescent symphonies remain unplayed. It is not until Mozart reaches the advanced age of 19; by which time he has been composing for at least 14 years; when he quickly composes his 5 violin concertos; that we are on familiar compositional ground. The nature and extent of Mozarts numerous journeys in search of employment are a revelation to the average music lover. Europes complex social and musical scene in the middle 18th Century; one in which Mozart was obliged to operate as a genius endowed with a profoundly independent spirit; is undiscovered country that 21st Century research is only beginning to reveal as a vast mosaic of fierce political repression and incipient rebellion. A landscape that Mozart would effect peripherally before transforming it with his mature; revolutionary operas. These significant aspects of Mozarts early years are carefully discussed in this splendid biography. Ultimately; it is Mozarts nearly incomprehensible genius that Sadie struggles to explain. He succeeds admirably.And yet.... Despite the occasional Mozartean autograph manuscript exhibiting the evidence of compositional struggle (such as the six Haydn string quartets; with their chiaroscuro pages of cross-hatched deletions; amendations and corrections) offered as proof of his humanity; the sheer number of his masterpieces; written so swiftly and with such apparent effortlessness; prove that there is something inexplicable in Mozart. The spell he wove was miraculous. Mozarts musical martyrdom made him a hero to the Romantic generation whilst raising a sea of questions even Stanley Sadies splendid biography must leave unanswered. The 19th Century saw something Godlike in Mozarts creative genius. Even now; in the 21st; that thought refuses to die. I recommend this biography for explaining the legends birth; even though it cannot hope to reveal its wellspring.Mike Birman12 of 13 people found the following review helpful. Debunking a myth: No musical immaturity in young MozartBy Roo BookarooThis is a vital book by the leading musicologist and Mozart scholar of our times; who died of ALS before completing the second part of his analysis; covering the famous last ten years (1781-1791).This first book is aimed at a new generation of music lovers who want to get an appreciation and knowledge of Mozarts early music; from the first compositions scribbled by the child exhibited all over Europe by his father Leopold; up to the decisive year; in 1781; when Mozart; at 25; escaped the stultifying environment of Salzburg; and; in the same stroke; freed himself from Leopolds control.Sadies grand purpose is to debunk all the myths about Mozarts music that have accreted like carbuncles since his very childhood; by going back to the music itself; carefully analyzing it; and dissecting it to precisely identify the sources of its unequalled charm and entrancing power. A lot of grounding in musical knowledge and vocabulary is helpful in following his arguments.This is where Sadies musical expertise is invaluable. He brings a fresh vision and a professional understanding of Mozarts music; focusing on analyzing its impact and restoring a sense of its intrinsic value. Sadie places himself at the forefront of this new fresh look at Mozarts music; discarding all the popular misperceptions and dispensing with all the established clicheacute;s.To appreciate the shock value of Sadies radical analysis of Mozarts early music and its "rehabilitation"; it is worth contrasting it against the background of cultural and historical conceptions Sadie intends to displace.In his own time; in the 18th century; from his earliest age; Mozart was considered a young prodigy and supreme musician. But one whose music tended to be too complex and intense for the general public. He was seen as an extraordinarily prolific composer who could not limit his musical imagination and control his non-stop creativity; always keeping the floodgates open to a rushing stream of themes and musical ideas that followed one another in an extremely fast flow.Aristocratic connoisseurs would complain about this unbounded wealth of musical ideas that went too fast to be even appreciated; even less remembered. Nobody could cope with the unstoppable abundance of his music. His father Leopold tried to remind him of the need to check this torrent-like creativity; professional musicians and singers would occasionally complain. And as far as "humming" it; his audiences knew better to forget about it. Designed for a refined audience of cultivated connoisseurs -- who could sing; play instruments; direct and compose; knowing much more about music than the average modern public -- how could Mozarts music ever become frankly popular; easy to remember; easy to sing?Even the deeply dramatic and even disturbing side of his music; which rarely failed to appear -- what came to be called the "demonic" side of Mozart -- was criticized for breaching the standards expected by 18th century polite society for which music was primarily a mainstay of social entertainment.Mozart was regarded as a maverick; an independent soul who went his own marvelous; but incomprehensible and surprising way. The general consensus was that Mozart was too much his own proud master; persistent in having his own way; unmanageable in the framework of any aristocratic court. Throughout his youth he continuously tried to flee his Salzburg employer; the hated but influential archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo; and other European courts were hesitant to hire such a free and so self-sure spirit.Leopold supervised his traveling during all this period; but made the mistake of directing the young Mozart mostly towards continental courts; where subservience was generally expected; whereas he might have been freer and luckier in London; where both Hauml;ndel and later Haydn managed to succeed.Mozarts immense stroke of luck in Vienna was to link up with another independent-minded free-lancer; the gifted adventurer and librettist Da Ponte and to create with him unforgettable masterpieces; which secured Mozarts place in the musical pantheon.In the 19th century; the Romantics seized on Mozarts life as the very example of the misunderstood genius; battling traditions; convention and conformity; always bypassed for the top court jobs by mediocrities; and paying the usual price. Mozart versus Salieri. Mozarts dramatic death just short of 36 became a cause for universal grief and the foundation of an unusual cult to his incommensurable genius.Mozarts music became appreciated for its grace; lightness; clarity; as the epitome of delicately delightful music favored by young society ladies dabbling in piano music or by orchestras offering pleasant entertainment as an antidote to the soul-wrenching and hyper-heavy music of the Romantics.Compared to Beethoven; Schumann and Wagner; Mozarts music suddenly took on celestial colors; more fitted for angels than the tortured torments of Romantic music. He became the "divine" Mozart; by opposition to the demented and turbulent music of the 19th century.In the 20th century; radio and recordings made available Mozarts opera performances and led to a popular image principally based on the few Mozart operas usually favored by theaters for their potential appeal to a large audience. The famous last "five" operas; Die Abfuuml;hrung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio); the three Da Ponte libretti -- Le Nozze; Don Giovanni; Cosi -- plus the Magic Flute; became the music associated with Mozart; an image buttressed by the last three "great" symphonies; (39th; 40th; and 41st); a handful of the "great" piano concertos; the violin concertos; and the major wind and string serenades; including above all Die Kleine Nachtmusik.Mozart became the "great" Mozart known essentially for the music of his last ten years; and even more specifically his last five years (1786-1791). He became the iconic example of the "classical" age; by opposition to the "Romantic" age and the "modern" age.Thus an "established" conception of Mozart tended to be accepted as common currency towards the end of the 20th century; a view still favored by the older generations. This image is taken as a given; and described by ordinary reviewers and commentators with a variety of clicheacute;s that have become tired from overuse.This simplified view roughly goes something like this: Mozart keeps learning; practicing and "growing" until he begins "mature" life at 26 in 1781; when he finally starts "blossoming" into his final works.The "real"; "true;" Mozart; in this easy-to-understand scheme; is believed to be the one of the last few years; with everything that came before being interpreted as just a slow progress towards the perfection of the last works. The "essence" of Mozart was assumed to remain in a potential state; in slow gestation; during his early years; to become actualized; the promising seed finally blooming or blossoming; when he connected with Vienna and Da Ponte.This is still strongly an Aristotelian and medieval view of an "essential" Mozart lying in wait in the "latent" Mozart of the European travels and the Salzburg years; until he got his famous kick in the butt by Count Arco on June 8; 1781; and was forced to find his freedom and fly on his own wings; abandoning Salzburg and settling for good in Vienna.It is clear that musical historians have not been immune to the influence of the concept of universal "progress" spread initially in Europe by the Enlightenment and further enshrined in the world views of most major thinkers of the 19th century. Time became destiny. Reality was revealed at the end of history. And; as it happens; we were the lucky ones to know what the end of history was meant to be.This new view of universal progress and growth; marching towards a final state of perfection; has been applied to everything -- culture; history; technology and science; and the human species as well. And this is still the accepted; unquestioned; credo of Western popular culture.Similarly; the progress of any artist was seen as gradual improvement until he or she reached a "fully" developed stage. In this context; the so-called "maturation" of Mozart became an unquestioned given.However; in the specific case of Mozart; at the end of the so-called "maturation" period; in 1791; came la Clemenza di Tito. What was that? Regress? Return to immaturity? Or simply the constraints of a troubled trip at a troubled time of Mozarts life? Still containing magnificent music; even if it puts to sleep all the tired New York businessmen who affect to go to the Met at the end of a long day at the office.So; it is undeniable that theres a subtle distortion in the popular image of a "true" Mozart revealed only in his last few years. It is an illusion to think that all of Mozarts earlier phases were only a prelude to the great blooming of the 1781-1791 period.If Mozart had survived in the 1790s and the 1800s; the "mature" Mozart would have sounded very different; in a way that nobody will ever know.But we stopped the clock in 1791; when we assumed that the "essential" Mozart had supposedly finally emerged and was set for good in the popular imagination.But this is only the Mozart of our perception; as we know him; fixated in the late 1780s and early 1790s by an early death. The psychological illusion is to set the last period of Mozarts short life as the measure of all earlier works and the consecration of his full potential.But the so-called "maturation" was not over; some could claim that it was only beginning. If it ever was going to take place; it was still a long time away. After all; Mozart in 1791 was still barely a young adult in his early thirties; with decades ahead of him to go through a multitude of new styles.It is likely that the late 1780s would have also been considered just another "early"; preliminary; phase compared to a Mozart of the 1800s or the 1820s; a much later period of remarkable music that we will; oh so sadly; never know. It is a reasonable guess that the "essential" Mozart had not yet arrived; and might have come much later; as we can tell by the examples of Bach; Haendel; Haydn; Verdi; Wagner; Strauss; Mahler; and even Puccini."Mature/immature": The words of those clicheacute;s seem anodyne; but they are not. They are; like any propaganda; loaded. They tend to propagate the image that the works predating the "mature" ones were "immature"; hence; secondary; negligible; not worth our interest. "Who wants to plough through those juvenilia?" is the implicit conclusion.And so; by the same token; these clicheacute;s tend to turn new music lovers away from Mozarts early music; and dissuade them from discovering that in these early works Mozart already was a composer professionally secure; showing no trace of musical immaturity; and his music of an original and incandescent beauty.By seriously focusing on the absolute intrinsic value of Mozarts early music; Sadie; to his immense credit; explicitly debunks this common myth of a "maturation" process happening in the late 1780s. Was the Clemenza di Tito more mature than Mitridate; Lucio Silla; or Idomeneo?"Mature" implies that the earlier works were "immature"; which is nonsense. Lets listen for instance to these earliest operas; Bastien und Bastienne; K 50 and la Finta Semplice; K 51; and lets see if Sadies book shows us exactly where; how and why these early operas are "immature". He simply doesnt. For him; they are already exciting; original; professional compositions.Recently; most musicologists; in the same league as Sadie; have seriously begun revamping young Mozarts image; by better analyzing all aspects of his music and his personality; rejecting the old view as obsolete; too simplistic and distorted; and getting rid of the trite clicheacute;s ("mature;" "immature"; "growing;" "blooming;" "blossoming") firmly entrenched in aging commentators.Sadie is the undisputed champion in defending the original value of Mozarts early music. He stands as the principal critic of the conformist view shared by those old-fashioned writers who have systematically disregarded or ignored; or tried to disparage or devalue the music of Mozarts youth.He seems justified in convincing us that what is "immature" in this conception is the glibness and ignorance of those popular commentators.The more so; considering that most of them have never even heard or studied Mozarts early music and early operas. Without any serious exploration or knowledge of the music; without ever bothering to give it a fair hearing; they found it easy to dismiss the early music out of hand as "juvenilia" unworthy of anybodys time and attention. This was a time when Mozarts early music remained; until very recently; practically unavailable.It is critical to realize that this complete re-evaluation of Mozarts early music; for the benefit of the next generations of Mozart lovers; is not the fact of Stanley Sadie alone; but is taking place in the context of a contemporary campaign of restoration waged on many fronts.First; and most important; is the rediscovery of Mozarts complete music on the occasion of the 200th anniversay of his death (1991) including; for the first time in history; all the music of Mozarts youth (pre-1781).It is marvelously performed on CDs of THE COMPLETE MOZART EDITION published by Philips in 1991.On the occasion of the 250th anniversary of his birth (2006); Philips published a condensed version; the COMPLETE COMPACT MOZART EDITION in 2000 and 2006. While Decca contributed THE CONCERT ARIAS of 1981; and the epoch-making set of MOZART: THE COMPLETE OPERAS of August 2009.As a result; not only professional musicians and established experts; but also the new generation of music-lovers; are thus in the enviable and brand-new position to be able to discover; for the first time in history; the complete music of young Mozart;Second; and as important; this new awareness includes the sudden revelation of Mozarts youth operas. These early operas; all completely unknown and ignored until the very end of the 20th century; are gradually being staged by the best (and best-financed) opera houses; educating the public to their extraordinary beauty.And thanks to the new technology of DVDs; the filming of choice performances renders their diffusion possible in the whole world.Among them; the famous M-22 collection of the 2006 Salzburg Festival performances of (nearly) all the operas; published by Deutsche Grammophon in 2007; a feat again never realized before in history.Plus some outstanding independent DVD productions; such as those for Mitridate; Re di Ponte (Harnoncourt/Ponnelle; on DG); Ascanio in Alba (Dantone; on Bongiovanni); La Finta Giardiniera (Ostman; on Arthaus); Il Re Pastore (Marriner; on Philips); Idomeneo (Levine/Ponnelle; on DG).All these unknown and neglected masterpieces are finally being revealed to an astonished modern audience; as they had already astonished all European musical experts when they first were produced during those years of the child and adolescent Mozart traveling all over Europe.The third factor of this re-evaluation of Mozarts early music currently taking place consists of the series of new books now available in English; all aiming at giving us a clearer analysis of Mozarts early career.1. First of all; of course; this remarkable book at hand by Stanley Sadie; MOZART: THE EARLY YEARS; 1756-1781; absolutely key to our reevaluation of the early music of the young Mozart; shown to be as original and exciting as the music of the few canonic works traditionally known to the public.2. The great 1919 magnum opus of Hermann Abert: W. A. MOZART; which came out in English only recently in 2007. Everything anybody ever wanted to know about Mozart is in there; and even more; with excellent analyses of all the works and abundant quotations from the letters of Mozart himself; but also; as importantly; of his father Leopold; and of a legion of contemporaries for whom Mozart was the musical miracle of the 18th century; if not of all cultural history.Sadie goes back to many of the same sources quoted by Abert; whose magnum opus was not yet available in English when Sadie was writing his own book on early Mozart.3. And also the new translation by Robert Spaethling of MOZARTS LETTERS; MOZARTS LIFE; published in 2000; which undertook to scrub away the artificial varnish and polish impressed by previous Victorian translations; and which brilliantly succeeded in preserving all the original colors; crudities; language games; and mannerisms of Mozarts natural style; revealing him no longer as a mythical "divine" apparition; but; for all his exceptional talent; as all too human.However; this book; which promised so much; offers; oh so sadly; only a truncated and mutilated selection of the great letters; not even giving us the complete text of the selected letters. More regrettably it is not giving us all the letters; and; critically; this book does not include any from Leopold Mozart; his father and guru; which are as vital; if not more; to an accurate perception of Mozart as a man and musician.4. To which should be added the older book by Alfred Einstein; MOZART: HIS CHARACTER; HIS WORK; dating from 1945; but still with valid insights and info.The key text still missing in English is a translation of the formidably complete German edition which collated all letters of Mozart and documents concerning his life; a feat achieved for the first time only in 1975: MOZART: BRIEFE UND AUFZEICHNUNGEN (by Bauer; Deutsch Eibl; in 7 volumes; published by Bauml;renreiter Verlag; Kassel; 1962-1975; later expanded with further additions up to 2006.). The title means: "MOZART: LETTERS DOCUMENTS". This German publication has become the fundamental source of all published info on Mozart. This complete historical edition has not yet been translated into English.It is in this brand-new and systematic process of revision that Sadies book is inserting itself. He strives to free Mozarts early music of all the interpretations piled up like barnacles by the previous ages. As a professional musicologist; Sadie expertly refutes the idea of "progress" in Mozarts development. The assumption of "progress" and "growth" does not apply to Mozarts various styles; as he was from the word go the accomplished musical chameleon able to change his colors instantly.The great and conscientious Hermann Abert had already dismissed as simplistic this view of Mozart as "growing" into his final phase; instead substituting a clear analysis of various styles developing through the accidents of Mozarts life; the models and mentors he selected; and the various influences he was subjected to.Mozart could; in a short space of time; switch from the monumental dark grandeur of Lucio Silla to the enchanting La Finta Giardiniera or the sparkling lightness of Il Re Pastore. Wheres the "progress" in there? None; only a radical switch of libretto; of audience; of mood and musical means. And this kind of unpredictable zig-zagging from one genre to another; from a mass to a violin sonata; from an opera buffa to a wind serenade; from an stratospheric concert aria to a scatological canon; was the rule of most Mozarts productive periods.In fact; a lot of the gaiety; charm; inexpressible longing; and iridescent atmosphere of the music in his younger years was never recaptured later during the Vienna decade; when Mozart had to tackle on his own the new problems of survival in adult life -- domestic; economic; emotional; and professional.Lets listen again to Colass "Diggy; daggy" magical aria written at age 12 in Bastien und Bastienne. The power of this incantation is mind-blowing. Whos written something similar as fascinating and entrancing -- at any age?This is again the unique impact of Sadies book: He is able to make us appreciate and recognize this unique freshness and sparkle of youth in Mozarts early music; and urges us to discard all the clicheacute;s ("mature;" "immature"; "growing;" "blossoming;") firmly entrenched in the popular perceptions of Mozart.Mozart at 9 already wrote not only competent and able music; but exciting and eerily beautiful music. Just lets listen to the aria "Va; dal furor portata"; K.21 written in 1765 when Mozart was in London; sung for instance by Thomas Moser or the superb Gouml;sta Winbergh.Mozart at 14? Just listen to the great; extraordinary aria "Misero me! - Misero pargoletto"; K.77; sung by Edith Mathis; or Teresa Berganza; which Mozart produced on March 12; 1770 at a grand soireacute;e of the highest nobility and the best connoisseurs of Milan.This is an exceptional "tour de force" lasting a full 13 of the most sublime and passionate music Mozart was capable of. He only twice produced again an aria of this phenomenal scope; the famous "Ah; Lo Previdi!"; K272; written in August 1777; in Salzburg; when Mozart was 21; and the transcendent "Popoli di Tessaglia"; K316; written in July 1778; while in Paris; for his love Aloysia Weber; assuring her that this was his very best aria ever. It must be heard sung by Edita Gruberova; who reaches the famous G6; the highest note sung in the repertoire.This aria "Misero me! - Misero pargoletto"; K.77; is what convinced the management of the Milan opera (the precursor of La Scala) that the young boy Mozart of 14 was capable of writing a full opera worthy of the great Milan stage; and gambled; against all business prudence; on entrusting the small teenager with a most important commission; a vital one; as it launched Mozarts career as an operatic composer in Italy.This was "Mitridate; Re di Ponto" K.87; which Mozart wrote during his travels through Italy with Leopold; and produced on the stage in Milan on Dec. 26; 1770 to the greatest acclaim; which led to the commission of another opera for the 1772 season in Milan -- the powerful "Lucio Silla;" K135.Jean-Pierre Ponnelle so much loved Mitridate that he staged it and filmed it in the sumptuous Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza; rightly selecting the unforgettable Gouml;sta Winbergh for the title role. It is our loss that Ponnelle died accidently before he could give us his own version of Lucio Silla.This is the accurate view strongly endorsed by Stanley Sadie: to see "progress" is a retrospective illusion. Sadie puts the accent on the development of skills; the deployment of various styles corresponding to different times; different life conditions; different preferences or infatuations; different influences of momentary mentors or models (immediately imitated; absorbed and immediately bettered); different feelings and moods; different demands from different clients or employers; or different audiences -- more like the various colors in a prism; each one as valuable as the others.Mozart had an inborn and natural talent that was skilfully nurtured by his father Leopold -- to whom not enough credit has been given by musical historians. Mozart changed; all the time; as the true musical chameleon he naturally was; constantly able to adapt his style at a moments notice -- no two works are alike -- but he did not "improve" as if he were an apprentice learning his trade until he achieved masterhood. This is again nonsense.Mozart proved his mastery since the very first years of his childhood. He was the greatest prodigy of his age; probably of all ages; and considered the only authentic miracle by the musical world; not only as a performer -- on the keyboard; organ; violin and viola -- but also as a composer in all genres.Sadie wants to remedy the strange situation of a music world that has fostered the myth about Mozarts early music as secondary and dispensable; and has gone blissfully ignoring it until the present day.The result of his extensive analysis of the greatness of Mozarts early music is nothing less than a radical revolution in the publics perception and appreciation of all the facets of young Mozarts musical genius. Sadie; as Abert had already done; succeeds in demonstrating that Mozarts "early" music has a remarkably distinct beauty; inimitable charm; and is valuable and admirable in its own right.Sadie can describe clearly how Mozarts genius could develop at such a young age; but he cannot completely explain; nor anybody else; why Mozarts composing talent spontaneously emerged around age 5. Genius has a strong genetic component; "nature" irreducible to "culture"; learning; training; and mentoring. Mozart himself could never explain where his music came from.However theres a model for this explosive emergence: the ancient Greek goddess; Athena; bursting out of Zeuss forehead all formed and fully equipped with her traditional arms; helmet; breastplate; shield; and lance.Mozart deserves a similar place on Olympus.ROO.BOOKAROOFeb 1; 2010